Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software
Editorial Reviews
Book Description
align="left">Leading software designers have recognized domain modeling and design as critical topics for at least twenty years, yet surprisingly little has been written about what needs to be done or how to do it. Although it has never been clearly formulated, a philosophy has developed as an undercurrent in the object community, which I call "domain-driven design". align="left">I have spent the past decade focused on developing complex systems in several business and technical domains. I've tried best practices in design and development process as they have emerged from the leaders in the object-oriented development community. Some of my projects were very successful; a few failed. A feature common to the successes was a rich domain model that evolved through iterations of design and became part of the fabric of the project. align="left">This book provides a framework for making design decisions and a technical vocabulary for discussing domain design. It is a synthesis of widely accepted best practices along with my own insights and experiences. Projects facing complex domains can use this framework to approach domain-driven design systematically. Contrasting Three Projects align="left">Three projects stand out in my memory as vivid examples of the dramatic effect domain design practice has on development results. Although all three delivered useful software, only one achieved its ambitious objectives and delivered complex software that continued to evolve to meet ongoing needs of the organization. align="left">I watched one project get out of the gate fast with a useful, simple web-based trading system. Developers were flying by the seat of their pants, but simple software can be written with little attention to design. As a result of this initial success, expectations for future development were sky-high. It was at this point that I was approached to work on the second version. When I took a close look, I saw that they lacked a domain model, or even a common language on the project, and were saddled with an unstructured design. So when the project leaders did not agree with my assessment, I declined the job. A year later, they found themselves bogged down and unable to deliver a second version. Although their use of technology was not exemplary, it was the business logic that overcame them. Their first release had ossified prematurely into a high-maintenance legacy. align="left">Lifting this ceiling on complexity calls for a more serious approach to the design of domain logic. Early in my career, I was fortunate to end up on a project that did emphasize domain design. This project, in a domain at least as complex as the one above, also started with a modest initial success, delivering a simple application for institutional traders. But this delivery was followed up with successive accelerations of development. Each successive iteration opened exciting new options for integration and elaboration of functionality. The team way able to respond to the needs of the traders with flexibility and expanding capability. This upward trajectory was directly attributable to an incisive domain model, repeatedly refined and expressed in code. As the team gained new insight into the domain, the model deepened. The quality of communication improved among developers and between developers and domain experts, and the design, far from imposing an ever-heavier maintenance burden, became easier to modify and extend. align="left">Unfortunately, not all projects that start with this intention manage to arrive at this virtuous cycle. One project I joined started with lofty aspirations to build a global enterprise system based on a domain model, but finally had a disappointing result. The team had good tools, a good understanding of the business and gave serious attention to modeling. But a separation of developer roles led to a disconnect between the model and implementation, so the design did not reflect the deep analysis that was going on. In any case, the design of detailed business objects was not rigorous enough to support combining them in elaborate applications. Repeated iteration produced no improvement in the code, due to uneven skill-level among developers with no clear understanding of the particular kind of rigor needed. As months rolled by, development work became mired in complexity and the team lost its cohesive vision of the system. After years of effort, the project did produce modest, useful software, but had given up the early ambitions along with the model focus. align="left">Of course many things can put a project off course, bureaucracy, unclear objectives, lack of resources, to name a few, but it is the approach to design that largely determines how complex software can become. When complexity gets out of hand, the software can no longer be understood well enough to be easily changed or extended. By contrast, a good design can make opportunities out of those complex features. align="left">Some of these design factors are technological, and a great deal of effort has gone into the design of networks, databases, and other technical dimension of software. Books have been written about how to solve these problems. Developers have cultivated their skills. align="left">Yet the most significant complexity of many applications is not technical. It is in the domain itself, the activity or business of the user. When this domain complexity is not dealt with in the design, it won't matter that the infrastructural technology is well-conceived. A successful design must systematically deal with this central aspect of the software. align="left">The premise of this book is that For most software projects, the primary focus should be on the domain and domain logic. Complex domain designs should be based on a model. Domain-driven design is a way of thinking and a set of priorities, aimed at accelerating software projects that have to deal with complicated domains. To accomplish that goal, this book presents an extensive set of design practices, techniques and principles. Design vs. Development Process align="left">Design books. Process books. They seldom even reference each other. Each is a complex topic in its own right. This is a design book. But I believe that these two issues are inextricable if design concepts are to be put into successful practice and not dry up into academic discussion. When people learn design techniques, they feel excited by the possibilities, but then the messy realities of a real project descend on them. They don't see how to fit the new design ideas with the technology they must use. Or they don't know when to worry about a particular design aspect and when to let go in the interest of time. While it is possible to talk with other team members about the application of a design principle in the abstract, it is more natural to talk about the things we do together. So, while this is a design book, I'm going to barge right across that artificial boundary when I need to. This will place design in the context of a development process. align="left">This book is not specific to a particular methodology, but it is oriented toward the new family of "Agile Development Processes". Specifically, it assumes a couple of process practices are in place on the project. These two practices are prerequisites for applying the approach in this book. Iterative development. The practice of iterative development has been advocated and practiced for decades, and is a corner stone of the Agile development methods. There are many good discussions in the literature of Agile development and Extreme Programming, among them, Cockburn1998 and Beck 1999. A close relationship between developers and domain experts. Domain-driven design crunches a huge amount of knowledge into a model that reflects deep insight into the domain and a focus on the key concepts. This is a collaboration between those who know the domain and those who know how to build software. Because it is iterative, this collaboration must continue throughout the project's life. align="left">Extreme Programming (XP), conceived by Kent Beck, Ward Cunningham and others Beck2000, is the most prominent of the agile processes and the one I have worked with most. To make the discussion concrete, I will use XP throughout the book as the basis for discussion of the interaction of design and process. The principles illustrated are easily adapted to other Agile Processes. align="left">In recent years there has been a rebellion against elaborate development methodologies that burden projects with useless, static documents and obsessive upfront planning and design. Instead, the Agile Processes, such as XP, emphasize the ability to cope with change and uncertainty. align="left">XP recognizes the importance of design decisions, but strongly resists upfront design. Instead, it puts an admirable effort into increasing communication, and increasing the project's ability to change course rapidly. With that ability to react, developers can use the "simplest thing that could work" at any stage of a project and then continuously refactor, making many small design improvements, ultimately arriving at a design that fits the customer's true needs. align="left">This has been a much-needed antidote to some of the excesses of design enthusiasts. Projects have bogged down in cumbersome documents that provided little value. They have suffered "analysis paralysis", so afraid of an imperfect design that they made no progress at all. Something had to change. align="left">Unfortunately, some of these new process ideas can be easily misinterpreted. Each person has a different definition of "simplest". Continuous refactoring without design principles to guide these small redesigns developers can produce a code base hard to understand or change - the opposite of agility. And, while fear of unanticipated requirements often leads to over-engineering, the attempt to avoid over-engineering can develop into another fear: The fear of any deep design thinking at all. align="left">In fact, XP works best for developers with a sharp d...
Book Info
Text offers a systematic approach to domain-driven design, presenting an extensive set of design best practices, experience-based techniques, and fundamental principles that facilitate the development of software projects facing complex domains. DLC: Computer software--Development.
Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software
Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software,Eric Evans,Addison-Wesley Professional,0321125215,Computer Bks - Languages / Programming,Computer Books: General,Computer software,Computers,Development,Object-Oriented Programming,Object-oriented programming (C,Object-oriented programming (Computer science),Programming - Object Oriented Programming,Programming - Software Development,Programming - Systems Analysis & Design,Software Development,Computers / Programming / Systems Analysis & Design
Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software
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